Energy-aware Routing to Maximize Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink

In this paper we address the problem of maximizing the lifetime in a wireless sensor network with energy and power constrained sensor nodes and mobile data collection point (sink). Information generated by the monitoring sensors needs to be routed efficiently to the location where the sink is currently located across multiple hops with different transmission energy requirements. We exploit the capability of the sink to be located in different places during network operation in order to maximize network lifetime. We provide a novel linear programming formulation of the problem. We show that maximum lifetime can be achieved by solving optimally two joint problems: a scheduling problem that determines the sojourn times of the sink at different locations, and a routing problem in order to deliver the sensed data to the sink in an energy-efficient way. Our model provides the optimal solution to both of these problems and gives the best achievable network lifetime. We evaluate numerically the performance of our model by comparing it with the case of static sink and with previously proposed models that focus mainly on the sink movement patterns and sojourn times, leaving the routing problem outside the linear programming formulation. Our approach always achieves higher network lifetime, as expected, leading to a lifetime up to more than twice that obtained with models previously proposed as the network size increases. It also results in a fair balancing of the energy depletion among the sensor nodes. The optimal lifetime provided by the theoretical analysis of our model can be used as a performance measure in order to test the efficiency of other heuristics that might be proposed in the future for a practical implementation of a real system. Our formulation can also be used as a starting point on which new algorithms can be implemented. A preliminary version of this work appeared in the Proceedings of 13 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM 2005 Symposium on Future Wireless Systems), Marina Frapa Split, Croatia, September 2005. I. Papadimitriou was partially supported for this work by the Public Benefit Foundation “ALEXANDER S. ONASSIS”, Athens, GREECE.